Because such theories are dependent on context and specific to certain situations, it is beyond the scope of this text to explore each of those theories. There are many middle-range and micro-range theories in sociology. Sociological theory is developed at multiple levels, ranging from grand theory to highly contextualized and specific micro-range theories. What's more, it is an explanation of one phenomenon with another: part of the reason why civic engagement has declined over the last several decades is because people are watching more television. The relationship is an inverse one - as one goes up, the other goes down. In this case, the concepts are civic engagement and television watching. This element of Putnam's theory clearly illustrates the basic purpose of sociological theory: it proposes a relationship between two or more concepts. The more television people watch, the lower their involvement in civic life will be. While there are a number of factors that contribute to this decline (Putnam's theory is quite complex), one of the prominent factors is the increased consumption of television as a form entertainment. Putnam found that Americans' involvement in civic life (e.g., community organizations, clubs, voting, religious participation, etc.) has declined over the last 40 to 60 years. An example of a sociological theory is the work of Robert Putnam on the decline of civic engagement. In other words, a theory is an explanation for why or how a phenomenon occurs. A theory is a proposed relationship between two or more concepts. Sociologists develop theories to explain social phenomena. 6.4 Black Feminist Thought and Queer Feminism.6.3 Radical, Separatist, and Cultural Feminism.This perspective reminds us that we are all part of a larger social system that influences and is influenced by our actions. Despite its limitations, it provides valuable insights into how different parts of society contribute to the whole. In conclusion, the structural-functional theory is a key perspective in sociology that views society as an integrated system working together for stability. For example, it can help us understand why certain rituals or traditions persist in societies, as they often serve a purpose for the social order. In sociology, the structural-functional theory can be used to explain a wide range of social phenomena. Using Structural-Functional Theory in Sociology Durkheim’s work has greatly influenced how we think about society and its functioning. He believed that society is a reality “sui generis,” or of its own kind, separate from the individuals who compose it. Famous ProponentsĮmile Durkheim, a French sociologist, is one of the most famous proponents of the structural-functional theory. It also tends to assume that all parts of society work well and for the common good, which may not always be the case. Some people argue that it overlooks social inequalities, like those based on race, class, or gender. However, like any theory, the structural-functional theory has its criticisms. Criticisms of the Structural-Functional Theory For instance, it shows us how families provide emotional support, and schools help children develop skills for their future jobs. It emphasizes the importance of social order and cooperation. One of the main strengths of the theory is its focus on the positive aspects of society. Strengths of the Structural-Functional Theory The aim is to understand how different parts contribute to the stability and order of the whole. For example, it might study the role of the family in raising children or how education prepares individuals for their future roles in society. The theory looks at various aspects of society. What Does the Structural-Functional Theory Look At? The idea is that these parts work together to keep the whole system running smoothly. Just as every organ in our body has a specific function, every part of society – whether it’s family, school, or government – serves a particular purpose. This theory considers society as a complex system, much like a human body. First, let’s unpack what the structural-functional theory means.
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